6.1. There is no abstract "verb" (state-word) 'to be'. "Being" always refers to a concrete state/situation/quality/quantity, i.e. ' being so-and-so' e.g. 'to be alone', 'to be sick', to be red', 'to be tall', to be alive', to be dead' etc.
There is no copula "is" either. Equotional sentences are expressed by simple juxtaposition in a certain syntactic order: X Y , where X= old information, Y = new information.
Thus 'Spock is tall' is literally 'Spock talls' and 'Spock is commander' is 'Spock (X) - commander (Y).
6.2 In contrast, there is a state-word 'to exist' in opposition to
'to non-exist'.
Hence, 'Spock was sick' > 'Spock sicked + ended being sick'
'Spock was commander' > 'Spock-commander + precise temporal'
6.3. In addition, Vulcan has a state-word which cannot be translated only interpreted as meaning, approx., "neither exist, nor non-exist" or, in certain situational context, "being beyond" i.e. being beyond categories of time-space, beyond space-time continuum. This refers to "regions" wheter actual or mental (e.g. in meditation) which are beyond 'our' space-time coordinates.
6.4 Action/State words do have a category which can roughly be designated as aspectral or "Aktionsart".
1. Timeless action/state (still being in the state of preliminary discussions). Probably an action/state which has neither beginning nor end, and still is. e.g. th'kroy - I stop [?]
2. Continuous present; Action/state which exists at the present time without determination of its begining or end.
Morphene - infix MU.
e.g. tixoy (live); in Cont. Pres. tiMUxoy, e.g. s'tiMUxoy - 'you are living'
3. Action/State to be contintued; e.g. 'I am eating ( and have not finished eatingm but once shall finish eating).'
Morphene - infix CU [tsu]
e.g. spara (eat); th'spaCUra - 'I am eating'
4. Action/State to be terminated; e.g. ' I (finish) eating fast'
Morphene -infix KSE
e.g. th'spaKSEra - 'I (finish) eating',
brax th'spaKSEra - 'I'll be finished eating fast/soon'
5. Action in past still going on; e.g. ' I stopped to talk to my friend' i.e. 'I stopped {and am still standing and talkinf}'
Morpheme -infix ZO:
e.g. Kroy (stop); kroyZO: - 'to have stopped (and still not moving)
* Dative of verb-noun = "in order to" i.e. I stopped in order to talk to my friend.
6. Action in past finished (terminated);
Morphene -infix PE
e.g. th'spaPEra - ' I have eaten'
7. Intentional Future;
Morphene -infix DZHA
e.g. th'kroyDZHA - 'I will stop'
8. Non-intentional Future;
Morphene -infix DZHU
e.g. th'ranDZHU - 'I might kill' (I may have to kill in the future).
9. Negative verb
Morphene -infix I
e.g. th'rIan - 'I don't kill'
rIankah - 'Do not Kill!'
6.5 Action/State words have the following basic forms.
1. STEM; e.g. Kroy (stop) Ran (kill), Kapra (calculate)
2. IMPERARIVE; .e.g. rankah (ran-kah) 'Kill!'
PROHIBITIVE e.g. rIankah (see above)
3. PERMISIVE; e.g. Kroma (Kroy-ma) 'may stop'
4. VERB-NOUN; e.g. ranat (Ran-at) ' killing'
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